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The evolution of mobile networks toward ubiquitous connectivity envisioned by International Mobile Telecommunications-2030 has caused a surge in control plane traffic. A deep understanding of the control plane’s internal characteristics and mechanisms is crucial for delivering optimal services. However, existing measurements often neglect the control plane or treat it as an opaque box, focusing on overall performance instead of its intrinsic characteristics. In this paper, we introduce a 3GPP-compliant control plane evaluation framework and conduct the first in-depth analysis of the characteristics and overheads exhibited by various network functions (NFs) under large-scale connectivity conditions, based on empirical measurements. We selected three core network systems and conducted performance measurements on 500,000 User Equipment during UE registration and PDU session establishment procedures. We reveal the substantial resource demands and limited scalability of the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) and the Network Repository Function (NRF). Furthermore, our analysis identifies a significant need for an enhanced state management mechanism. The insights derived from our measurements underscore the immense potential for optimization within the core network. Key optimization pathways include enhancing protocol stack processing, mitigating potential leverage-based attacks, and implementing an integrated state management framework. 

This paper reports the fabrication of silicon PN diode by using DNA nanostructure as the etching template for SiO₂and also as then-dopant of Si. DNA nanotubes were deposited ontop-type silicon wafer that has a thermal SiO₂layer. The DNA nanotubes catalyze the etching of SiO₂by HF vapor to expose the underlying Si. The phosphate groups in the DNA nanotube were used as the doping source to locallyn-dope the Si wafer to form vertical P-N junctions. Prototype PN diodes were fabricated and exhibited expected blockage behavior with a knee voltage ofca.0.7 V. Our work highlights the potential of DNA nanotechnology in future fabrication of nanoelectronics. 

The Diels–Alder (DA) reaction, a classic cycloaddition reaction involving a diene and a dienophile to form a cyclohexene, is among the most versatile organic reactions. Theories have predicted thermodynamically unfavorable DA reactions on pristine graphene owing to its low chemical reactivity. We hypothesized that metals like Ni could enhance the reactivity of graphene towards DA reactions through charge transfer. The results indeed showed that metal substrates enhanced the reactivity of graphene in the DA reactions with a diene, 2,3-dimethoxy butadiene (DMBD), and a dienophile, maleic anhydride (MAH), with the activity enhancement in the order of Ni > Cu, and both are more reactive than graphene supported on silicon wafer. The rate constants were estimated to be two times higher for graphene supported on Ni than on silicon wafer. The computational results support the experimentally obtained rate trend of Ni > Cu, both predicted to be greater than unsupported graphene, which is explained by the enhanced graphene–substrate interaction reflected in charge transfer effects with the strongly interacting Ni. This study opens up a new avenue for enhancing the chemical reactivity of pristine graphene through substrate selection. 

Abstract Graphene's wetting transparency offers promising avenues for creating multifunctional devices by allowing real‐time wettability control on liquid substrates via the flow of different liquids beneath graphene. Despite its potential, direct measurement of floating graphene's wettability remains a challenge, hindering the exploration of these applications. The current study develops an experimental methodology to assess the wetting transparency of single‐layer graphene (SLG) on liquid substrates. By employing contact angle measurements and Neumann's Triangle model, the challenge of evaluating the wettability of floating free‐suspended single‐layer graphene is addressed. The research reveals that for successful contact angle measurements, the testing and substrate liquids must be immiscible. Using diiodomethane as the testing liquid and ammonium persulfate solution as liquid substrate, the study demonstrates the near‐complete wetting transparency of graphene. Furthermore, it successfully showcases the feasibility of real‐time wettability control using graphene on liquid substrates. This work not only advances the understanding of graphene's interaction with liquid interfaces but also suggests a new avenue for the development of multifunctional materials and devices by exploiting the unique wetting transparency of graphene.